Types of ties applied in building construction

Ties stand for continuous tensioned reinforcements to be fully anchored and adequately lapped through welding. Given below, different types of ties found in building construction :-

o Peripheral ties

o Internal ties

o Horizontal column and wall ties

o Vertical ties

Peripheral Ties in Building Construction

Peripheral ties are generally set up at roof and floor level and it arranged at 1.2m distant from the perimeter wall or edge of the building. The peripheral ties have the capability to resist a tensile force similar to the smaller of 60KN or an amount calculated in accordance with the following equation.

Ft = 20+4no -> Equation-1

Here:

n denotes the number of storey of the structure

The area of steel bars needed for the peripheral ties should be calculated in relation to the following equation:

Ast=Ft / (0.87fy) -> Equation-2

Ast denotes the steel area required for peripheral ties

Ft denotes tensile force to be combated by peripheral tie 

Peripheral ties should have been anchored and lapped effectively.

Image Source : theconstructor.org

Internal Ties in Building Construction

Internal ties are arranged at roof level and floor level in two directions almost perpendicular to each other.

Internal ties should have been efficiently continuous along their length and attached with both ends to the peripheral ties or bolted to the columns or perimeter walls if such ties are continuous to columns or perimeter walls. 

The highest distance among internal ties is similar to the 1.5 times the greatest distance among centers of vertical loading elements in the direction of ties.

The internal ties should resist a tensile force identical or exceeding the force calculated in accordance with the following formula:

Tensile force = 0.0267(gk+qk) lFt -> Equation-3

Here:

(gk+qk) defines the sum of average characteristic dead load and live load applied on the floor. These quantities are calculated based on the specifications of Eurocode.

To gather more information on other types of ties, go through the following link.
https://theconstructor.org/building/what-are-the-types-of-ties-used-in-building-construction/19000/?utm_source=pushengage&utm_medium=push_notification&utm_campaign=pushengage